{"id":59905,"date":"2026-10-05T17:13:27","date_gmt":"2026-10-05T14:13:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ambylegal.by\/news\/suing-belarusian-state-owned-company\/"},"modified":"2026-10-05T17:13:27","modified_gmt":"2026-10-05T14:13:27","slug":"suing-belarusian-state-owned-company","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ambylegal.by\/tr\/news\/suing-belarusian-state-owned-company\/","title":{"rendered":"2026&#8217;da Belarus Devlete Ait Bir \u015eirkete Dava A\u00e7mak: Yarg\u0131 Yetkisi, Devlet Dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i Tahsilat"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_89 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title ez-toc-toggle\" style=\"cursor:pointer\">Table of Contents<\/div>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/ambylegal.by\/tr\/news\/suing-belarusian-state-owned-company\/#Gercekte_kime_dava_aciyorsunuz\" >Ger\u00e7ekte kime dava a\u00e7\u0131yorsunuz<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/ambylegal.by\/tr\/news\/suing-belarusian-state-owned-company\/#Dava_acmadan_once_Zaman_asimi_kanit_ve_ilk_adimlar\" >Dava a\u00e7madan \u00f6nce: Zaman a\u015f\u0131m\u0131, kan\u0131t ve ilk ad\u0131mlar<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/ambylegal.by\/tr\/news\/suing-belarusian-state-owned-company\/#Devlet_dokunulmazligi_gercekten_gecerli_mi\" >Devlet dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekten ge\u00e7erli mi?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/ambylegal.by\/tr\/news\/suing-belarusian-state-owned-company\/#Yargi_yetkisi_mucadelesi_ve_dengeleri_degistiren_2023_duzenlemesi\" >Yarg\u0131 yetkisi m\u00fccadelesi ve dengeleri de\u011fi\u015ftiren 2023 d\u00fczenlemesi<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/ambylegal.by\/tr\/news\/suing-belarusian-state-owned-company\/#Yargi_yerinizi_belirlemek_Ekonomi_Mahkemesi_BelCCI_IAC_veya_yabanci_bir_tahkim_yeri\" >Yarg\u0131 yerinizi belirlemek: Ekonomi Mahkemesi, BelCCI IAC veya yabanc\u0131 bir tahkim yeri<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/ambylegal.by\/tr\/news\/suing-belarusian-state-owned-company\/#Ilamdan_Tahsilata_Tanima_ve_Tenfiz_Sureci\" >\u0130lamdan Tahsilata: Tan\u0131ma ve Tenfiz S\u00fcreci<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/ambylegal.by\/tr\/news\/suing-belarusian-state-owned-company\/#Icra_dokunulmazligi_Daha_zor_yari\" >\u0130cra dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131: Daha zor yar\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/ambylegal.by\/tr\/news\/suing-belarusian-state-owned-company\/#Gercekci_tahsilat_Tahsilati_gercekte_ne_sinirlar\" >Ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i tahsilat: Tahsilat\u0131 ger\u00e7ekte ne s\u0131n\u0131rlar<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/ambylegal.by\/tr\/news\/suing-belarusian-state-owned-company\/#Davanin_maliyeti_%E2%80%94_ve_kimin_odedigi\" >Davan\u0131n maliyeti \u2014 ve kimin \u00f6dedi\u011fi<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/ambylegal.by\/tr\/news\/suing-belarusian-state-owned-company\/#Tahsilat_oncesinde_yaptirimlara_iliskin_hukuki_inceleme_Due_Diligence\" >Tahsilat \u00f6ncesinde yapt\u0131r\u0131mlara ili\u015fkin hukuki inceleme (Due Diligence)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/ambylegal.by\/tr\/news\/suing-belarusian-state-owned-company\/#Uyusmazlik_Dogmadan_Once_Dogru_Adimlari_Atmak\" >Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Do\u011fmadan \u00d6nce Do\u011fru Ad\u0131mlar\u0131 Atmak<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/ambylegal.by\/tr\/news\/suing-belarusian-state-owned-company\/#Sikca_sorulan_sorular\" >S\u0131k\u00e7a sorulan sorular<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/ambylegal.by\/tr\/news\/suing-belarusian-state-owned-company\/#Pratikte_Ne_Yapilmali_Genel_Degerlendirme\" >Pratikte Ne Yap\u0131lmal\u0131? Genel De\u011ferlendirme<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Belarus devletine ait bir \u015firketle yap\u0131lan bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme ters gitti\u011finde, yabanc\u0131 alacakl\u0131lar\u0131n sordu\u011fu ilk soru genellikle devlet dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131ndad\u0131r. \u015eirketi ger\u00e7ekten mahkemeye verebilir misiniz? H\u00fck\u00fcmetin dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n arkas\u0131na saklan\u0131p sizi de\u011fersiz bir taleple ba\u015f ba\u015fa m\u0131 b\u0131rakacak? Endi\u015fe do\u011fald\u0131r, ancak \u00e7o\u011fu durumda yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Belarus devlete ait te\u015febb\u00fcsleri, vakalar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funda s\u0131radan bir ticari daval\u0131 konumundad\u0131r. Kendi t\u00fczel ki\u015fili\u011fine ve bilan\u00e7osuna sahip olup herhangi bir \u00f6zel \u015firket gibi Ekonomi Mahkemelerinde yarg\u0131lan\u0131r. Devleti davalardan koruyan bir ilke olan devlet dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu kurulu\u015flar devlet s\u0131fat\u0131yla de\u011fil ticari bir i\u015fletme olarak hareket etti\u011finden nadiren uygulan\u0131r. \u00c7o\u011fu ki\u015finin \u00e7ekindi\u011fi bu engel asl\u0131nda mevcut de\u011fildir. Elbette bu durum davalar\u0131 kolay k\u0131lmaz; ancak kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan engeller &#8216;devlete ait&#8217; ifadesinin akla getirdi\u011finden farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 hayali engellere de\u011fil ger\u00e7ek risklere odaklamak, tahsil edilmi\u015f bir alacak ile ar\u015fivde tozlanan bir mahkeme ilam\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki en belirleyici farkt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c7ok daha az dikkat \u00e7eken iki \u00e7etin sorun bulunmaktad\u0131r. Birincisi yarg\u0131 yetkisidir: uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n nerede g\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi ve 2023&#8217;ten bu yana Belarus hukukunun kendi mahkemelerine belirli uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k kategorilerinde geni\u015f m\u00fcnhas\u0131r yarg\u0131 yetkisi tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, titizlikle m\u00fczakere etti\u011finiz tahkim veya yabanc\u0131 mahkeme yetki klozunun ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini koruyup korumayaca\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130kincisi ise tahsilatt\u0131r: malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00f6demeleri devlet m\u00fclkiyeti, kambiyo kontrolleri ve yapt\u0131r\u0131mlarla \u015fekillenen bir \u015firkete kar\u015f\u0131 al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bir mahkeme veya hakem karar\u0131n\u0131 fiilen paraya \u00e7evirebilmektir. Bu makale s\u00f6z konusu iki konuyu ele almakta ve devlet dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kavram\u0131n\u0131 hak etti\u011fi daha m\u00fctevaz\u0131 yerine yerle\u015ftirmektedir. Dikkatinizi as\u0131l riskin bulundu\u011fu noktaya yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda, ba\u015fta g\u00f6z korkutucu g\u00f6r\u00fcnen bir dava ola\u011fan niteli\u011fine kavu\u015fur: yarg\u0131 \u00e7evresine \u00f6zg\u00fc birka\u00e7 karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k i\u00e7eren ve nereye bakaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 bildi\u011finizde her biri \u00f6nceden \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilen ticari bir uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Gercekte_kime_dava_aciyorsunuz\"><\/span><strong>Ger\u00e7ekte kime dava a\u00e7\u0131yorsunuz<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Belarus devleti ticari faaliyetlerini ba\u015fl\u0131ca iki kurumsal yap\u0131da y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcr ve bu ayr\u0131m hen\u00fcz dava dilek\u00e7esinin ilk sat\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 yazmadan \u00f6nce b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r. Birincisi \u00fcniter i\u015fletmedir \u2014 m\u00fclkiyeti devlete veya belediyeye ait olan, ancak kendisi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir t\u00fczel ki\u015fi olarak ticari faaliyette bulunan bir i\u015fletme t\u00fcr\u00fc. \u0130kincisi ise hisselerinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131na veya tamam\u0131na devletin sahip oldu\u011fu anonim \u015firkettir \u2014 pay defterinde devletin yer almas\u0131 haricinde di\u011fer t\u00fcm anonim \u015firketlerle yap\u0131sal olarak tamamen ayn\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Her iki durumda da temel husus ayn\u0131d\u0131r: \u015firket, Belarus Cumhuriyeti&#8217;nden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ayr\u0131 bir t\u00fczel ki\u015filiktir. Kendi ad\u0131na malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 edinir, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler akdeder, davac\u0131 ve daval\u0131 olabilir. Bir dava a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda daval\u0131n\u0131z, arkas\u0131ndaki h\u00fck\u00fcmet de\u011fil do\u011frudan \u015firketin kendisidir. Bu durumun yabanc\u0131 alacakl\u0131lar\u0131n s\u0131kl\u0131kla g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 rahatlat\u0131c\u0131 bir sonucu vard\u0131r: muhatab\u0131n\u0131z bir \u015firket oldu\u011fundan, genel ticari uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131 \u2014 genel s\u00f6zle\u015fme hukuku kurallar\u0131, genel mahkemeler, ilam ve icra yollar\u0131 \u2014 onun i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir. Devletle sava\u015fm\u0131yorsunuz; yaln\u0131zca devlete ait olan bir ticari i\u015fletmeye dava a\u00e7\u0131yorsunuz ve \u00e7o\u011fu zaman bu, &#8216;devlet \u015firketi&#8217; ifadesinin ilk ba\u015fta uyand\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 izlenimden \u00e7ok daha kolay kazan\u0131labilecek bir hukuki m\u00fccadeledir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k iki taraf\u0131 keskin bir k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7t\u0131r ve as\u0131l s\u00fcrpriz de genellikle burada ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Genel kural olarak devlet, sahibi oldu\u011fu \u015firketin bor\u00e7lar\u0131ndan sorumlu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi \u015firket de devletin bor\u00e7lar\u0131ndan sorumlu de\u011fildir. Kanunda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f dar istisnalar mevcuttur \u2014 bunlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda, i\u015fletmenin kendi malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yetersiz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda devletin fer&#8217;i (ikincil) sorumluluk ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6zel bir \u00fcniter i\u015fletme t\u00fcr\u00fc olan hazine i\u015fletmesi gelir \u2014 ancak bunlar istisnad\u0131r, kural de\u011fildir. S\u0131radan bir devlet i\u015fletmesinin \u00f6deme g\u00fcc\u00fc kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda do\u011frudan devlet hazinesine ba\u015fvurabilece\u011finizi varsaymak, bu alandaki en maliyetli yan\u0131lg\u0131d\u0131r. Nas\u0131l bir muhatapla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya oldu\u011funuzu netle\u015ftirmek isterseniz, <a href=\"https:\/\/ambylegal.by\/tr\/services\/suing-a-belarussian-company\/\">Belarus \u015firketlerine kar\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lan davalar\u0131<\/a> y\u00fcr\u00fcten ekibimiz, hen\u00fcz tek bir kuru\u015f harcamadan \u00f6nce ilgili kurulu\u015fu ve sorumluluk s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 sizin i\u00e7in tespit edecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"767\" src=\"https:\/\/ambylegal.by\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/businesspeople-working-with-paper-graph-chart-analysis-business-marketing-plan-1024x767.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-54668\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ambylegal.by\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/businesspeople-working-with-paper-graph-chart-analysis-business-marketing-plan-1024x767.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/ambylegal.by\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/businesspeople-working-with-paper-graph-chart-analysis-business-marketing-plan-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ambylegal.by\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/businesspeople-working-with-paper-graph-chart-analysis-business-marketing-plan-768x575.jpg 768w, https:\/\/ambylegal.by\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/businesspeople-working-with-paper-graph-chart-analysis-business-marketing-plan-1536x1151.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/ambylegal.by\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/businesspeople-working-with-paper-graph-chart-analysis-business-marketing-plan-2048x1534.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Dava_acmadan_once_Zaman_asimi_kanit_ve_ilk_adimlar\"><\/span><strong>Dava a\u00e7madan \u00f6nce: Zaman a\u015f\u0131m\u0131, kan\u0131t ve ilk ad\u0131mlar<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Her \u015feyden \u00f6nce iki hususa dikkat etmek gerekir; bunlardan ilki zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 s\u00fcresidir. Belarus hukuku uyar\u0131nca alacakl\u0131n\u0131n dava a\u00e7mak i\u00e7in genel olarak \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcresi vard\u0131r. Bu s\u00fcre, hakk\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n ihlal edildi\u011fini \u00f6\u011frendi\u011finiz veya \u00f6\u011frenmeniz gerekti\u011fi tarihten itibaren i\u015flemeye ba\u015flar. Baz\u0131 alacak talepleri \u00f6zel zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 s\u00fcrelerine tabidir ve bunlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 daha k\u0131sad\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7 y\u0131l kula\u011fa uzun bir s\u00fcre gibi gelebilir; ancak s\u0131n\u0131r \u00f6tesi bir uyu\u015fmazl\u0131kta bor\u00e7lu taraftaki yeni bir muhatapla yaz\u0131\u015f\u0131rken veya bir sonraki \u00f6demeyi beklemeye y\u00f6nelik \u015firket i\u00e7i kararlar al\u0131rken bu s\u00fcrenin iki y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 heba etmek son derece kolayd\u0131r. Hak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc ve zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 s\u00fcrelerini m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan en erken a\u015famada hesaplay\u0131n. Bu s\u00fcre dolarsa bor\u00e7lu zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 def&#8217;inde bulunabilir ve esastan son derece hakl\u0131 bir dava dahi kaybedilebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130kinci husus delillerdir. Belarus Ekonomi Mahkemelerindeki yarg\u0131lamalar belgeye dayal\u0131d\u0131r; s\u00f6zle\u015fme ve ekleri, teslim-tesell\u00fcm tutanaklar\u0131, yaz\u0131\u015fmalar, faturalar ve \u00f6deme dekontlar\u0131 gibi olay an\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen yaz\u0131l\u0131 delil zinciri, davan\u0131n sonucunu s\u00f6zl\u00fc savunmalardan \u00e7ok daha fazla belirler. Sonradan tela\u015fla aramak yerine, m\u00fcmk\u00fcnse as\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 hen\u00fcz dava a\u00e7madan \u00f6nce bir araya getirin. Kilit belgeler kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n veya \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015filerin elindeyse, bunlar\u0131 fiilen nas\u0131l temin edece\u011finizi \u00f6nceden planlay\u0131n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130yi kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bir ihtarname g\u00f6ndermek genellikle son derece faydal\u0131d\u0131r: \u00f6demeyi sa\u011flayabilir, delil durumunu netle\u015ftirir ve baz\u0131 taleplerde dava \u015fart\u0131 olan dava \u00f6ncesi uzla\u015fma\/ihtar prosed\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc tamamlar. Ancak s\u00fcrecin s\u00fcr\u00fcncemede kalmas\u0131na izin vermeyin. Siz hen\u00fcz m\u00fczakere ederken bor\u00e7lunun malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131rma veya rehin\/hacizle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc k\u0131lma riski bulunuyorsa, para sessizce elden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra de\u011fil, tam da bu a\u015famada <a href=\"https:\/\/ambylegal.by\/tr\/services\/asset-freezing-belarus\/\">ihtiyati tedbir<\/a> ba\u015fvurusuna haz\u0131rlanmak gerekir. Burada h\u0131z ve do\u011fru s\u0131ralama ba\u015fl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na bir stratejidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Devlet_dokunulmazligi_gercekten_gecerli_mi\"><\/span><strong>Devlet dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekten ge\u00e7erli mi?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Devlet dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 iki farkl\u0131 kavram\u0131 i\u00e7erir. Yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131), bir devletin egemenlik tasarruflar\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc aleyhine dava a\u00e7\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir. \u0130cra ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise bir mahkeme karar\u0131n\u0131n icras\u0131 amac\u0131yla devlet mallar\u0131n\u0131n haczedilemeyece\u011fini ifade eder. Her iki kavram da devletin egemen g\u00fc\u00e7 s\u0131fat\u0131yla hareket etti\u011fi durumlar\u0131 kapsar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz uygulamas\u0131nda hemen her yerde acta jure imperii (yasama veya kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc kullan\u0131m\u0131 gibi egemenlik tasarruflar\u0131) ile acta jure gestionis (mal al\u0131m\u0131 veya tedarik s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi akdetme gibi \u00f6zel hukuk\/ticari i\u015flemleri) aras\u0131na kesin bir s\u0131n\u0131r \u00e7izilir. Dokunulmazl\u0131k yaln\u0131zca birincisi i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erlidir, ikincisini kapsamaz. Teslimat \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fczakere eden, \u00f6demeyi aksatan veya ay\u0131ba kar\u015f\u0131 tekeff\u00fcl taahh\u00fcd\u00fcn\u00fc ihlal eden devlete ait bir \u015firket, her bak\u0131mdan ticari olarak hareket etmektedir. Bu nedenle ola\u011fan \u015fartlarda arkas\u0131na saklanabilece\u011fi bir dokunulmazl\u0131k yoktur: ticari faaliyet y\u00fcr\u00fctmektedir ve her ticari i\u015fletme gibi sorumludur. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle temel kriter failin kimli\u011fi de\u011fil, i\u015flemin hukuki niteli\u011fidir. Devlete ait bir kurulu\u015f yaln\u0131zca m\u00fclkiyeti devlete ait oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in dokunulmazl\u0131k kazanamaz; bir i\u015flemi ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131k k\u0131labilecek yegane unsur onun egemenlik niteli\u011fidir ve s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k te\u015fkil eden ticari bir ihlal bu niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131maz. Bu temel ayr\u0131m, s\u00f6z konusu alacak davalar\u0131ndaki dokunulmazl\u0131k endi\u015felerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ger\u00e7ekten devreye girdi\u011fi yer s\u0131n\u0131rlard\u0131r \u2014 daval\u0131 Belarus Cumhuriyeti&#8217;nin kendisi veya kamu yetkisi kullanan bir devlet organ\u0131 oldu\u011funda veya egemen nitelikteki m\u00fclkiyete kar\u015f\u0131 icra etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda. Bir bakanl\u0131\u011fa d\u00fczenleyici bir eylem nedeniyle dava a\u00e7mak, devlete ait bir ticaret \u015firketine \u00f6denmemi\u015f fatura nedeniyle dava a\u00e7maktan farkl\u0131 bir konudur. \u0130kisini ayr\u0131 tutmak analizin \u00e7o\u011fudur; onlar\u0131 kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak sahte umutsuzluk veya sahte g\u00fcven \u00fcretir. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tablo bunu \u00f6zetlemektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>\u00dcniter i\u015fletme (devlete ait)<\/td><td>Hay\u0131r \u2014 ticari olarak hareket eder<\/td><td>Ekonomi Mahkemeleri<\/td><td>Te\u015febb\u00fcs; icra memurlar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla varl\u0131klar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 icra<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hazine te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fc<\/td><td>Hay\u0131r<\/td><td>Ekonomi Mahkemeleri<\/td><td>\u00d6nce i\u015fletme; i\u015fletme \u00f6deyemezse devlet fer&#8217;i (ikincil) sorumluluk ta\u015f\u0131r<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Devlet hisseli A\u015e<\/td><td>Hay\u0131r<\/td><td>Ekonomi Mahkemeleri \/ kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan tahkim<\/td><td>\u015eirket; \u015firketin varl\u0131klar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 icra<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cumhuriyet \/ bir devlet organ\u0131 (egemen eylem)<\/td><td>Muhtemelen \u2014 jure imperii<\/td><td>\u00d6zel kurallar<\/td><td>Devlet; icra dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ge\u00e7erli olabilir<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u0130lk \u00fc\u00e7 sat\u0131rdaki kurulu\u015flar s\u0131radan ticari daval\u0131lard\u0131r. Yaln\u0131zca sonuncusu \u2014 egemen s\u0131fat\u0131yla hareket eden devlet \u2014 ger\u00e7ek anlamda dokunulmazl\u0131k sorununa yol a\u00e7ar.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Yargi_yetkisi_mucadelesi_ve_dengeleri_degistiren_2023_duzenlemesi\"><\/span><strong>Yarg\u0131 yetkisi m\u00fccadelesi ve dengeleri de\u011fi\u015ftiren 2023 d\u00fczenlemesi<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dokunulmazl\u0131k zamanla \u00f6nemsizle\u015fen bir endi\u015fe iken, yarg\u0131 yetkisi giderek b\u00fcy\u00fcyen bir meseledir. Belaruslu bir \u015firkete kar\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lacak ticari bir davan\u0131n genel yetkili mahkemesi, her b\u00f6lgede ve Minsk&#8217;te faaliyet g\u00f6steren, <a href=\"https:\/\/court.gov.by\/\">birle\u015fik yarg\u0131 sisteminin<\/a> bir par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan ve temyiz mercii <a href=\"https:\/\/ambylegal.by\/tr\/services\/litigation-and-dispute-resolution-in-belarus\/representation-in-the-supreme-court-of-belarus\/\">Y\u00fcksek Mahkeme<\/a> olan uzmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f ticari mahkemeler, yani <a href=\"https:\/\/ambylegal.by\/tr\/services\/litigation-and-dispute-resolution-in-belarus\/\">Ekonomi Mahkemeleridir<\/a>. S\u00f6zle\u015fmenizde yaln\u0131zca genel bir ifadeyle &#8216;Belarus mahkemeleri&#8217; yetkili k\u0131l\u0131nm\u0131\u015fsa, davan\u0131z\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi yer tam olarak buras\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ku\u015fkusuz pek \u00e7ok uluslararas\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme farkl\u0131 yetki h\u00fck\u00fcmleri \u00f6ng\u00f6rmektedir: yabanc\u0131 bir tahkim yerinde tahkim, <a href=\"https:\/\/ambylegal.by\/tr\/services\/arbitration-services\/representation-of-interests-at-iac-within-belcci\/\">tahkim ekibimizin<\/a> m\u00fcvekkillerimizi temsil etti\u011fi <a href=\"https:\/\/iac.by\/\">Belarus Ticaret ve Sanayi Odas\u0131 Nezdindeki Uluslararas\u0131 Tahkim Mahkemesi&#8217;nde (BelCCI IAC)<\/a> tahkim veya \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir \u00fclkenin mahkemeleri. Y\u0131llar boyunca bu yetki klozlar\u0131 yabanc\u0131 taraflara g\u00fcvence sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak 12 Temmuz 2023 tarihli ve <a href=\"https:\/\/etalonline.by\/document\/?regnum=hk9800219\">Ekonomi Usul Kanunu<\/a> (Madde 248) ile birlikte Belarus Ekonomi Mahkemelerine &#8216;dostane olmayan eylemler&#8217; ve yapt\u0131r\u0131m uygulanan ki\u015filerle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 geni\u015f bir uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k yelpazesinde m\u00fcnhas\u0131r yetki tan\u0131yan <a href=\"https:\/\/pravo.by\/document\/?guid=12551&amp;p0=H12300280\">280-Z Say\u0131l\u0131 &#8216;\u00d6zel K\u0131s\u0131tlay\u0131c\u0131 Tedbirlerin Uygulanmas\u0131na \u0130li\u015fkin Kanun&#8217;<\/a> y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Uygulamadaki etkisi son derece b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. Bu kural\u0131n uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda Belaruslu bir taraf, s\u00f6zle\u015fmedeki yabanc\u0131 mahkeme veya tahkim klozuna ra\u011fmen davan\u0131n kendi yerel Ekonomi Mahkemesinde g\u00f6r\u00fclmesini talep edebilir; hatta kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda dava a\u00e7mas\u0131n\u0131 veya s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesini yasaklayan bir mahkeme karar\u0131 (fiilen bir dava engelleme tedbiri &#8211; anti-suit injunction) dahi alabilir. Bu m\u00fcnhas\u0131r yetki kural\u0131 ihlal edilerek yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda al\u0131nan bir mahkeme veya hakem karar\u0131n\u0131n Belarus&#8217;ta tan\u0131nmas\u0131 ve tenfizi de reddedilebilir. Yabanc\u0131 bir davac\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bu durum t\u00fcm stratejiyi k\u00f6kten de\u011fi\u015ftirir: g\u00fcvendi\u011finiz yetki \u015fart\u0131 ge\u00e7ersiz kalabilir ve yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda elde etti\u011finiz bir ilam Belarus&#8217;ta uygulanamayabilir. \u00d6te yandan bu kural her uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kapsamaz. Kural\u0131n devreye girmesi yapt\u0131r\u0131mlarla ve &#8216;dostane olmayan eylemlerle&#8217; ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r; bu unsurlar\u0131 i\u00e7ermeyen ola\u011fan ticari uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar kural olarak kapsam d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndad\u0131r. Burada ama\u00e7 en k\u00f6t\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc varsaymak de\u011fil, durumu netle\u015ftirmektir. 280-Z Say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun&#8217;un uygulan\u0131p uygulanmayaca\u011f\u0131 taraflar\u0131n ve uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n somut \u00f6zelliklerine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r ve bu inceleme s\u00fcrecin en ba\u015f\u0131nda yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu kural\u0131n uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 kapsay\u0131p kapsamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nceden ara\u015ft\u0131rmak art\u0131k bir tercih de\u011fil, ilk ad\u0131md\u0131r; sizi icra kabiliyeti olmayan bir yarg\u0131 yerinde bo\u015funa dava a\u00e7maktan kurtar\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Yargi_yerinizi_belirlemek_Ekonomi_Mahkemesi_BelCCI_IAC_veya_yabanci_bir_tahkim_yeri\"><\/span><strong>Yarg\u0131 yerinizi belirlemek: Ekonomi Mahkemesi, BelCCI IAC veya yabanc\u0131 bir tahkim yeri<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n nerede \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclece\u011fi konusunda halen bir s\u00f6z hakk\u0131n\u0131z varsa \u2014 s\u00f6zle\u015fme a\u015famas\u0131nda veya klozun yetersiz ya da uygulanamaz olmas\u0131 sebebiyle \u2014 yarg\u0131 yerinin se\u00e7imi s\u00fcre\u00e7teki en belirleyici stratejik karard\u0131r. Ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u00fc\u00e7 se\u00e7enek \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r ve her birinin kendine has avantaj ve dezavantajlar\u0131 bulunur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Belarus Ekonomi Mahkemeleri h\u0131zl\u0131 ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck maliyetlidir; kararlar\u0131 Belarus&#8217;ta do\u011frudan icra edilebilir, ancak kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n kendi sahas\u0131d\u0131r ve yabanc\u0131 bir tarafa arzu edebilece\u011finden daha az tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k sunabilir. <a href=\"https:\/\/ambylegal.by\/tr\/services\/arbitration-services\/representation-of-interests-at-iac-within-belcci\/\">Belarus Ticaret ve Sanayi Odas\u0131 Nezdindeki Uluslararas\u0131 Tahkim Mahkemesi (BelCCI IAC)<\/a> daha tarafs\u0131z ve gizli bir yarg\u0131lama sunar; hakem kararlar\u0131 Belarus&#8217;ta do\u011frudan, New York S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi kapsam\u0131nda ise yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kolayl\u0131kla tenfiz edilebilir. Yabanc\u0131 bir tahkim yeri ise azami tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc uluslararas\u0131 tenfiz kabiliyeti sa\u011flar \u2014 ancak belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere, uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yapt\u0131r\u0131mlarla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131 halinde 280-Z Say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun&#8217;un m\u00fcnhas\u0131r yetki kural\u0131na en \u00e7ok maruz kalan se\u00e7enektir. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tablo bu dengeleri \u00f6zetlemektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>Yabanc\u0131 bir taraf i\u00e7in tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k<\/td><td>Daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck (kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n yerel mahkemesi)<\/td><td>Orta ila y\u00fcksek<\/td><td>En y\u00fcksek<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Maliyet ve h\u0131z<\/td><td>D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck maliyetli, h\u0131zl\u0131<\/td><td>Orta<\/td><td>Daha y\u00fcksek maliyetli, daha yava\u015f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Belarus&#8217;ta icra edilebilirlik<\/td><td>Do\u011frudan<\/td><td>Do\u011frudan<\/td><td>New York S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Gizlilik<\/td><td>S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131<\/td><td>Evet<\/td><td>Evet<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kanun 280-Z&#8217;ye maruz kalma<\/td><td>Uygulanamaz (yerel yarg\u0131 yeri)<\/td><td>Daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck<\/td><td>Yapt\u0131r\u0131m ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131ysa daha y\u00fcksek<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Her duruma uyan evrensel tek bir do\u011fru yoktur; yaln\u0131zca belirli bir muhatap, i\u015flem hacmi ve risk profili i\u00e7in en do\u011fru tercih s\u00f6z konusudur. Ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken en kritik hata, fiilen Belarus&#8217;taki malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 icra takibi yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken bir i\u015flemde, ezbere yabanc\u0131 tahkim yeri klozunun se\u00e7ilmesidir.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ilamdan_Tahsilata_Tanima_ve_Tenfiz_Sureci\"><\/span><strong>\u0130lamdan Tahsilata: Tan\u0131ma ve Tenfiz S\u00fcreci<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Davay\u0131 kazanmak, alaca\u011f\u0131 tahsil etmekle ayn\u0131 \u015fey de\u011fildir. Elinizde bir Belarus Ekonomi Mahkemesi ilam\u0131 varsa, bu ilam Belarus&#8217;taki ulusal icra organlar\u0131 \u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/minjust.gov.by\/en\/\">Adalet Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/a> b\u00fcnyesindeki icra dairesi te\u015fkilat\u0131 \u2014 taraf\u0131ndan bor\u00e7lunun malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 do\u011frudan icra edilir. Bu en pratik yoldur; zira \u00f6nceden a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken bir tan\u0131ma-tenfiz a\u015famas\u0131 bulunmaz, do\u011frudan icra edilebilir bir ilam ile takibe ba\u015flars\u0131n\u0131z. \u0130cra memurlar\u0131 banka hesaplar\u0131n\u0131 bloke edebilir, menkul ve gayrimenkulleri haczolunup satt\u0131rabilir ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015filerdeki alacaklara haciz koyabilir; yerel bir ilam, yabanc\u0131 bir karar\u0131n tabi oldu\u011fu gecikme ve belirsizlikler olmaks\u0131z\u0131n bu icra mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle hizmetinize sunar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Elinizdeki ilam veya karar yabanc\u0131 bir men\u015feye sahipse, \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fczde iki farkl\u0131 hukuki yol bulunur. Yabanc\u0131 bir hakem karar\u0131, Belarus&#8217;un da taraf oldu\u011fu <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newyorkconvention.org\/\">New York S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi&#8217;nin<\/a> g\u00fcvencesinden yararlan\u0131r: S\u00f6zle\u015fme&#8217;nin s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ret sebepleri (ve yukar\u0131da de\u011finilen kamu d\u00fczeni ile m\u00fcnhas\u0131r yetki de\u011ferlendirmeleri) sakl\u0131 kalmak kayd\u0131yla tenfiz kural olarak kabul edilir; bu nedenle <a href=\"https:\/\/ambylegal.by\/tr\/services\/arbitration-services\/recognition-and-enforcement-of-foreign-arbitration-judgments\/\">yabanc\u0131 bir hakem karar\u0131n\u0131n tenfizi<\/a> genellikle \u00e7ok daha \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir bir yoldur. Yabanc\u0131 bir mahkeme ilam\u0131 ise daha zordur: Belarus bu t\u00fcr kararlar\u0131 yaln\u0131zca y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte bir uluslararas\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme veya yerle\u015fik fiili kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k (m\u00fctekabiliyet) bulunmas\u0131 halinde tenfiz eder \u2014 BDT s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri ve ikili adli yard\u0131mla\u015fma anla\u015fmalar\u0131 bu alandaki temel dayanaklard\u0131r \u2014 ve b\u00f6yle bir hukuki zemin bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda <a href=\"https:\/\/ambylegal.by\/tr\/services\/enforcement-proceedings-en\/recognition-and-execution-of-foreign-court-judgements-en\/\">yabanc\u0131 mahkeme karar\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131 ve tenfizi<\/a> sonu\u00e7suz kalabilir. \u0130ki yol aras\u0131ndaki bu fark, hen\u00fcz uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k do\u011fmadan \u00f6nce s\u00f6zle\u015fmenizdeki uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u015fart\u0131n\u0131 belirlemenizi gerektirecek kadar kritiktir: hakem kararlar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131r \u00f6tesinde icra kabiliyeti \u00e7ok daha y\u00fcksek belgelerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130htiyati hukuki koruma da ayn\u0131 derecede \u00f6nemlidir. Siz ilam\u0131 icraya koyamadan \u00f6nce malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 riski varsa, mevcut hukuki durumu korumak ad\u0131na <a href=\"https:\/\/ambylegal.by\/tr\/services\/asset-freezing-belarus\/\">ihtiyati haciz veya malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n dondurulmas\u0131<\/a> talebinde bulunabilirsiniz. Devlete ba\u011fl\u0131 kurulu\u015flarda bu risk asla yaln\u0131zca teorik de\u011fildir ve davan\u0131n sonunda de\u011fil, daha ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda ele al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Icra_dokunulmazligi_Daha_zor_yari\"><\/span><strong>\u0130cra dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131: Daha zor yar\u0131<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u015eu ana kadar dokunulmazl\u0131k konusunu b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde bir kenara b\u0131rakt\u0131k; yarg\u0131 yetkisi a\u015famas\u0131nda bu do\u011fru bir yakla\u015f\u0131md\u0131r. Ancak dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n, sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kana dek unutulmas\u0131 kolay ikinci bir boyutu vard\u0131r: icra ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131. Bir daval\u0131n\u0131n yarg\u0131 dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131na sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k olsa dahi, egemenlik niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yan belirli malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferlerinin haczedilmesi son derece zor veya imkans\u0131z olabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ticari bir taraf s\u0131fat\u0131yla davada yer alan s\u0131radan bir kamu iktisadi te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bu durum, Belarus&#8217;taki kendi ticari malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclecek icra takibine nadiren engel te\u015fkil eder. Bu konunun as\u0131l \u00f6nem kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer, yabanc\u0131 alacakl\u0131lar\u0131n bazen y\u00f6neldi\u011fi istisnai alanlard\u0131r: devletin kamusal i\u015flevlerine tahsis edilmi\u015f mallara kar\u015f\u0131 takip ba\u015flat\u0131lmas\u0131 veya diplomatik misyon, merkez bankas\u0131 ve benzeri korunan mal kategorilerinin tenfiz \u00fclkesi hukuku uyar\u0131nca icra ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan yararlanabilece\u011fi yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki Belarus devlet varl\u0131klar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 icraya giri\u015filmesi. Buradan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lacak pratik ders \u015fudur: Hangi somut malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 fiilen icra takibi yapaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n hukuki niteli\u011finin haciz i\u015flemlerini zorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p zorla\u015ft\u0131rmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 en ba\u015ftan tespit edin. Bir ilam ancak tahsilat sa\u011flayabildi\u011fi malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar de\u011ferlidir; dava a\u00e7\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce bu soruya ayr\u0131lacak bir saat, dava sonras\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclecek say\u0131s\u0131z tart\u0131\u015fmadan \u00e7ok daha k\u0131ymetlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Takibin do\u011frudan i\u015fletmeye mi yoksa devlete mi y\u00f6neltilece\u011fi tercihinin yaln\u0131zca teorik bir tart\u0131\u015fma olmamas\u0131n\u0131n sebebi de budur. \u0130\u015fletmenin ticari malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na y\u00f6neldi\u011finizde sa\u011flam bir hukuki zemindesinizdir; tahsilat stratejiniz do\u011frudan devletin kendi malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na y\u00f6neldi\u011fi anda ise icra ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n fiilen devreye girdi\u011fi riskli alana ad\u0131m atm\u0131\u015f olursunuz. \u0130cra takibini planlamadan \u00f6nce nas\u0131l bir zeminde bulundu\u011funuzu bilmek, sizi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir zaman ve emek israf\u0131ndan kurtar\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"bcta bcta--post \">\r\n    <div class=\"bcta__title title\">Belarus&#8217;ta \u015eirketler Hukuku Avukatlar\u0131<\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"bcta__snippet\">\u0130\u015finizi korumak ve b\u00fcy\u00fctmek i\u00e7in Belarus&#8217;taki \u015firketiniz veya t\u00fczel ki\u015fili\u011finiz i\u00e7in \u015firketler hukuku alan\u0131nda hukuki destek al\u0131n!<\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"bcta__more\">\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/ambylegal.by\/tr\/services\/corporate-law\/\" class=\"btn btn--outline\">\r\n\t\t\tDetayl\u0131 Bilgi            <span class=\"btn__icon btn__icon--arrow\"><\/span>\r\n        <\/a>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Gercekci_tahsilat_Tahsilati_gercekte_ne_sinirlar\"><\/span><strong>Ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i tahsilat: Tahsilat\u0131 ger\u00e7ekte ne s\u0131n\u0131rlar<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yarg\u0131 yetkisi engelini a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 ve icra edilebilir bir ilam elde etti\u011finizi varsayal\u0131m. Art\u0131k tahsilat ile aran\u0131zda ne durmaktad\u0131r? Nadiren dokunulmazl\u0131k. \u00c7o\u011fu zaman as\u0131l engel, devlete ba\u011fl\u0131 bir kurulu\u015ftan alacak tahsil etmenin pratik ger\u00e7ekleridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Uygulamada ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u00fc\u00e7 sorun s\u00fcrekli kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kar. Birincisi \u00f6ncelikli alacaklard\u0131r: devlete ait bir i\u015fletmenin malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kamu hizmetlerine tahsis edilmi\u015f, rehinli veya s\u0131ra cetvelinde sizden \u00f6nce gelen alacaklara ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f olabilir. \u0130kincisi kambiyo mevzuat\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131r \u00f6tesi transfer engelleridir: Belarus d\u0131\u015f\u0131na fon transferi, kambiyo denetim kurallar\u0131na ve yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar sebebiyle s\u0131n\u0131r \u00f6tesi \u00f6demelerde son derece temkinli davranan bir bankac\u0131l\u0131k sistemine tabidir. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc ise yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n do\u011frudan getirdi\u011fi k\u0131s\u0131tlamalard\u0131r: taraflara ve \u00f6deme kanal\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak tahsilat s\u00fcrecinin her iki taraf\u0131n tabi oldu\u011fu kurallara uygun yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekebilir. Bunlar\u0131n hi\u00e7biri tahsilat\u0131 imkans\u0131z k\u0131lmaz \u2014 nitekim Belarus devlet i\u015fletmeleri genellikle haczedilebilir gayrimenkullere, alacaklara ve faal operasyonlara sahip b\u00fcy\u00fck, malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc kurulu\u015flard\u0131r \u2014 ancak tahsilat s\u00fcrecini salt bir evrak takibinden ziyade kapsaml\u0131 bir planlama \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr. Ba\u015far\u0131yla tahsilat yapan alacakl\u0131lar, en ba\u015fta ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i bir tahsilat plan\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karanlard\u0131r: hangi malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131, kimin zilyetli\u011finde, hangi yasal mekanizmayla ula\u015f\u0131labilir ve \u00f6deme hangi kanaldan aktar\u0131lacak. Zorluk ya\u015fayanlar ise \u00f6nce davay\u0131 kazan\u0131p bu sorular\u0131 sonraya b\u0131rakanlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A\u00e7\u0131k s\u00f6zl\u00fc ve ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i bir hukuki de\u011ferlendirmenin as\u0131l de\u011fer kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 nokta tam da buras\u0131d\u0131r. Baz\u0131 alacaklarda zaman ve masraflar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcld\u00fckten sonra elde edilecek net tahsilat dava a\u00e7may\u0131 hakl\u0131 k\u0131larken, di\u011ferlerinde bu masrafa de\u011fmeyebilir; hen\u00fcz dava a\u00e7madan \u00f6nce bunun ayr\u0131m\u0131na varmak her t\u00fcrl\u00fc usuli ba\u015far\u0131dan daha k\u0131ymetlidir. Devlete ait \u015firketlerden <a href=\"https:\/\/ambylegal.by\/tr\/services\/debt-collection-state-companies\/\">alacak tahsili<\/a> ekibimiz, genellikle tam da bu stratejik de\u011ferlendirmeyi yapmak ve ard\u0131ndan kararl\u0131l\u0131kla uygulamak \u00fczere g\u00f6revlendirilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Davanin_maliyeti_%E2%80%94_ve_kimin_odedigi\"><\/span><strong>Davan\u0131n maliyeti \u2014 ve kimin \u00f6dedi\u011fi<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dava a\u00e7madan \u00f6nce s\u00fcrecin maliyet boyutunu d\u00fcr\u00fcst\u00e7e de\u011ferlendirmek gerekir. Ekonomi Mahkemesinde dava a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131, dava de\u011feri \u00fczerinden hesaplanan ve pe\u015fin \u00f6denen bir yarg\u0131 harc\u0131n\u0131n yat\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir \u2014 y\u00fcksek tutarl\u0131 alacaklarda bu har\u00e7 ciddi mebla\u011flara ula\u015fabilir, ancak davay\u0131 kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z takdirde aleyhine h\u00fck\u00fcm kurulan taraftan tahsil edilir. Yarg\u0131lama giderleri ve vekalet \u00fccreti de benzer bir kurala tabidir: davay\u0131 kazanan taraf kural olarak makul masraflar\u0131n\u0131 geri alabilir; ancak &#8216;makul&#8217; ile &#8216;\u00f6denenin tamam\u0131&#8217; ayn\u0131 \u015fey de\u011fildir ve masraflar\u0131n tasfiyesi ba\u015fl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na ayr\u0131 bir hukuki s\u00fcre\u00e7tir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ayr\u0131ca zaman ve icra takip masraflar\u0131 da g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ekonomi Mahkemesindeki \u00e7eki\u015fmeli bir dava, <a href=\"https:\/\/ambylegal.by\/tr\/services\/litigation-and-dispute-resolution-in-belarus\/representation-in-the-supreme-court-of-belarus\/\">Y\u00fcksek Mahkeme&#8217;ye<\/a> kadar uzanabilecek olas\u0131 bir temyiz s\u00fcreci ve ard\u0131ndan gelen icra a\u015famas\u0131 aylarca s\u00fcrebilir; tahkimin de kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir takvimi ve har\u00e7 tarifesi mevcuttur. Bunlar d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her yerindeki ticari davalarda ola\u011fan durumlard\u0131r; ancak tahminde bulunmak yerine maliyet projeksiyonu yapmak gerekir, zira var\u0131lacak sonu\u00e7 nihayetinde en kritik soruya yan\u0131t verir: Zaman ve masraflar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcld\u00fckten sonra elde edilecek ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i tahsilat bu maliyeti hakl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karmakta m\u0131d\u0131r?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Tahsilat_oncesinde_yaptirimlara_iliskin_hukuki_inceleme_Due_Diligence\"><\/span><strong>Tahsilat \u00f6ncesinde yapt\u0131r\u0131mlara ili\u015fkin hukuki inceleme (Due Diligence)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u00fcrecin sonuna de\u011fil en ba\u015f\u0131na ait en kritik \u00f6n haz\u0131rl\u0131k \u015fudur: Muhatap oldu\u011funuz kurulu\u015fun yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki hukuki stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc ve yap\u0131lacak bir tahsilat\u0131n size fiilen hangi kanaldan ula\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tespit etmek. Belarus devlete ait bir i\u015fletme; ABD, AB veya Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k yapt\u0131r\u0131m rejimlerinden birine veya birka\u00e7\u0131na dahil edilmi\u015f ya da bu listelerdeki ki\u015fi veya kurulu\u015flar\u0131n m\u00fclkiyetinde olabilir. Bu hukuki stat\u00fc, Belarus usul hukukuna dair herhangi bir konu g\u00fcndeme gelmeden \u00e7ok \u00f6nce, hukuken hangi ad\u0131mlar\u0131 atabilece\u011finizi ve \u00f6demenin yasal olarak nas\u0131l yap\u0131labilece\u011fini do\u011frudan belirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu bir arka kap\u0131 aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 de\u011fil, mevzuata uyum (compliance) s\u00fcrecidir. Ama\u00e7, yap\u0131lacak bir tahsilat\u0131n hukuken caiz olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve sizin taraf\u0131n\u0131zda ya da \u00f6deme yapacak tarafta hangi \u00f6zel lisanslar\u0131 veya yap\u0131land\u0131rmalar\u0131 gerektirebilece\u011fini \u00f6nceden tespit etmektir \u2014 b\u00f6ylece yasal olarak tahsil edemeyece\u011finiz bir ilam elde etmekle kalmaz, kendinizi de yapt\u0131r\u0131m riskine sokacak bir ad\u0131m atmam\u0131\u015f olursunuz. Durumun net olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hallerde, herhangi bir fon transferi ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmeden \u00f6nce ilgili yarg\u0131 \u00e7evresindeki bir yapt\u0131r\u0131m hukuku uzman\u0131na dan\u0131\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. S\u00fcrecin ba\u015f\u0131nda kurguland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu tedbir makul bir g\u00fcvencedir; s\u00fcrecin sonunda fark edildi\u011finde ise son derece maliyetli bir s\u00fcrprize d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Bu durum makalede daha \u00f6nce de\u011finilen tercihleri de do\u011frudan etkiler: Belirleyece\u011finiz yarg\u0131 yeri ve planlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z tahsilat rotas\u0131, hukuka uygun bir \u00f6demenin fiilen aktar\u0131labilece\u011fi kanallar olmal\u0131d\u0131r; bu da \u00f6deme vadesi geldi\u011finde de\u011fil, s\u00fcrecin hen\u00fcz ilk g\u00fcn\u00fcnde netle\u015ftirilmesi gereken bir konudur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Uyusmazlik_Dogmadan_Once_Dogru_Adimlari_Atmak\"><\/span><strong>Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Do\u011fmadan \u00d6nce Do\u011fru Ad\u0131mlar\u0131 Atmak<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu davalar\u0131 kazan\u0131labilir k\u0131lan hususlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, hen\u00fcz dava a\u00e7\u0131lmadan \u00e7ok \u00f6nce \u2014 s\u00f6zle\u015fme akdedilirken \u2014 belirlenir. En belirleyici tercih ise uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u015fart\u0131d\u0131r. 280-Z Say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun&#8217;un yabanc\u0131 bir yarg\u0131 yerini nas\u0131l i\u015flevsiz k\u0131labilece\u011fi ve hakem kararlar\u0131n\u0131n yabanc\u0131 mahkeme ilamlar\u0131na k\u0131yasla tenfiz kabiliyetinin ne kadar y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda; Belarus&#8217;ta tenfiz ihtimali g\u00f6zetilerek tahkim yeri ve kurallar\u0131 titizlikle belirlenmi\u015f bir tahkim \u015fart\u0131, genellikle maktu bir yabanc\u0131 mahkeme \u015fart\u0131ndan \u00e7ok daha de\u011ferlidir. Pratik g\u00fcvenceleri de s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye ekleyin: A\u00e7\u0131k bir uygulanacak hukuk h\u00fckm\u00fc, temin edilebildi\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde teminat veya banka garantileri, riskinizi en ba\u015ftan azaltacak avans \u00f6demeleri veya istihkak kesintileri ve acil bir ihtiyati tedbir karar\u0131 alabilmek i\u00e7in gerekecek eksiksiz yaz\u0131l\u0131 belgeler. Bunlar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc s\u00f6zle\u015fme imzalan\u0131rken kolayl\u0131kla kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir; sonradan telafi edilmeleri ise son derece maliyetlidir. \u00d6nceden haz\u0131rl\u0131k yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z bir uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k ile yaln\u0131zca savunmada kalarak tepki verdi\u011finiz bir uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k tamamen farkl\u0131d\u0131r; kald\u0131 ki alacak tahsilinin borcun ispat\u0131ndan \u00e7ok daha zor oldu\u011fu devlete ait muhataplarla yap\u0131lan i\u015flemlerde bu basiret, hemen her ticari ili\u015fkiden \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fer ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n    <section class=\"hfaq\">\n        <div class=\"container\">\n            <div class=\"hfaq__wrapper\">\n                <h2 class=\"hfaq__title title title-lg\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sikca_sorulan_sorular\"><\/span>S\u0131k\u00e7a sorulan sorular<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n                <div class=\"hfaq__items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t                        <div class=\"accordion\">\n                            <div class=\"accordion__head\">Belarus devlet \u015firketinin devlet dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 var m\u0131?<\/div>\n                            <div class=\"accordion__body\">\n                                <div class=\"accordion__inner\"><p>Genellikle hay\u0131r. Devlet sahibi bir te\u015febb\u00fcs ticari olarak hareket eden ayr\u0131 bir t\u00fczel ki\u015fidir ve devlet dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u015firketin i\u015f anla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil devletin egemen eylemlerini korur. Dokunulmazl\u0131k esas olarak daval\u0131 Belarus Cumhuriyeti&#8217;nin kendisi veya kamu yetkisi kullanan bir devlet organ\u0131 oldu\u011funda veya egemen nitelikteki m\u00fclkiyete kar\u015f\u0131 icra etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda ilgili hale gelir.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t                        <div class=\"accordion\">\n                            <div class=\"accordion__head\">S\u00f6zle\u015fmemdeki tahkim veya yabanc\u0131 mahkeme yetki klozuna g\u00fcvenebilir miyim?<\/div>\n                            <div class=\"accordion__body\">\n                                <div class=\"accordion__inner\"><p>Do\u011frudan g\u00fcvenemezsiniz. 280-Z Say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun&#8217;un (2023) y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesinden bu yana Belarus Ekonomi Mahkemeleri, yapt\u0131r\u0131m uygulanan ki\u015filerle ve &#8216;dostane olmayan eylemlerle&#8217; ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klarda m\u00fcnhas\u0131r yetki iddia edebilmekte ve yabanc\u0131 yetki \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7ersiz sayabilmektedir \u2014 hatta taraflardan birinin yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki davay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesini yasaklama yoluna dahi gidebilmektedir. Yetki klozunuzun ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini koruyup korumayaca\u011f\u0131 bu kural\u0131n uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 kapsay\u0131p kapsamad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r; bu durumu varsay\u0131mlarla ge\u00e7i\u015ftirmek yerine en ba\u015ftan hukuken inceletmek gerekir.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t                        <div class=\"accordion\">\n                            <div class=\"accordion__head\">Kanun 280-Z m\u00fcnhas\u0131r yetki kural\u0131 nedir?<\/div>\n                            <div class=\"accordion__body\">\n                                <div class=\"accordion__inner\"><p>Bu d\u00fczenleme, Ekonomi Usul Kanunu&#8217;nun 248. maddesi ile birlikte Belarus Ekonomi Mahkemelerine yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar ve &#8216;dostane olmayan eylemlerle&#8217; ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 \u00e7ok geni\u015f bir uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k alan\u0131nda m\u00fcnhas\u0131r yetki tan\u0131yan 2023 tarihli bir Belarus kanununa dayan\u0131r. Bu kural uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Belaruslu taraf, s\u00f6zle\u015fmedeki aksi yetki \u015fart\u0131na ra\u011fmen davan\u0131n kendi \u00fclkesindeki mahkemede g\u00f6r\u00fclmesini sa\u011flayabilir ve yabanc\u0131 davay\u0131 durdurmaya y\u00f6nelik bir yasaklama karar\u0131 (anti-suit injunction) talep edebilir; ayr\u0131ca bu kural ihlal edilerek yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda elde edilen bir karar\u0131n Belarus&#8217;ta tan\u0131nmas\u0131 ve tenfizi reddedilebilir.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t                        <div class=\"accordion\">\n                            <div class=\"accordion__head\">Belarus mahkemeleri yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda dava a\u00e7mam\u0131 engelleyebilir mi?<\/div>\n                            <div class=\"accordion__body\">\n                                <div class=\"accordion__inner\"><p>Fiilen evet \u2014 m\u00fcnhas\u0131r yetki kural\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011fu hallerde bu m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Belaruslu bir taraf, Ekonomi Mahkemesinden kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n yabanc\u0131 bir mahkemede veya tahkimde dava a\u00e7mas\u0131n\u0131 veya devam eden davay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesini yasaklamas\u0131n\u0131 talep edebilir. Bu mekanizma bir dava engelleme tedbiri (anti-suit injunction) niteli\u011finde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r ve herhangi bir yerde dava a\u00e7madan \u00f6nce yarg\u0131 yetkisini etrafl\u0131ca de\u011ferlendirmenin en \u00f6nemli pratik nedenlerinden biridir.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t                        <div class=\"accordion\">\n                            <div class=\"accordion__head\">Yabanc\u0131 mahkeme karar\u0131 Belarus&#8217;ta icra edilecek mi?<\/div>\n                            <div class=\"accordion__body\">\n                                <div class=\"accordion__inner\"><p>Bazen. Belarus yabanc\u0131 mahkeme ilamlar\u0131n\u0131 esas olarak y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte bir uluslararas\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme veya yerle\u015fik fiili kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k (m\u00fctekabiliyet) bulunmas\u0131 halinde tenfiz eder \u2014 BDT s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri ve ikili adli yard\u0131mla\u015fma anla\u015fmalar\u0131 pek \u00e7ok durumu kapsar. B\u00f6yle bir hukuki dayanak bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda tan\u0131ma ve tenfiz s\u00fcreci sonu\u00e7suz kalabilir. \u0130cran\u0131n Belarus&#8217;ta ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilece\u011fi hallerde, hakem karar\u0131n\u0131n yabanc\u0131 bir mahkeme ilam\u0131na k\u0131yasla \u00e7ok daha g\u00fcvenilir bir hukuki dayanak olmas\u0131n\u0131n temel nedeni budur.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t                        <div class=\"accordion\">\n                            <div class=\"accordion__head\">Yabanc\u0131 hakem karar\u0131 icra edilecek mi?<\/div>\n                            <div class=\"accordion__body\">\n                                <div class=\"accordion__inner\"><p>Genellikle evet. Belarus New York S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi&#8217;nin bir taraf\u0131d\u0131r, bu nedenle yabanc\u0131 bir hakem karar\u0131, S\u00f6zle\u015fme&#8217;nin dar reddetme gerek\u00e7elerine \u2014 art\u0131 2023&#8217;ten beri daha belirgin hale gelen kamu d\u00fczeni ve m\u00fcnhas\u0131r yetki hususlar\u0131na \u2014 tabi olarak ola\u011fan bir \u015fekilde tan\u0131n\u0131r. Hakem kararlar\u0131 burada yabanc\u0131 kararlardan daha iyi seyahat eder.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t                        <div class=\"accordion\">\n                            <div class=\"accordion__head\">Devlete ait \u015firket borcunu \u00f6deyemezse devlet sorumlu mudur?<\/div>\n                            <div class=\"accordion__body\">\n                                <div class=\"accordion__inner\"><p>Kural olarak hay\u0131r. Te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcn bor\u00e7lar\u0131 kendisinindir ve devlet s\u0131rf sahip oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in kefil olmaz. Ana istisna, te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcn kendi varl\u0131klar\u0131 yetersiz kal\u0131rsa devletin ikincil sorumluluk ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 hazine te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr. Devlete herhangi bir ba\u015fvuruda bulunmadan \u00f6nce te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcn tam yasal bi\u00e7imini kontrol edin.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t                        <div class=\"accordion\">\n                            <div class=\"accordion__head\">Yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar alaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131 tahsil etmemi engeller mi?<\/div>\n                            <div class=\"accordion__body\">\n                                <div class=\"accordion__inner\"><p>\u015eart de\u011fil, ancak nas\u0131l tahsil edece\u011finizi etkiler. Taraflara ve \u00f6deme rotas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak tahsilat her iki tarafta y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckteki k\u0131s\u0131tlamalara uyacak \u015fekilde yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r ve uluslararas\u0131 transferler d\u00f6viz kontrollerinden ve giderek daha temkinli bankalardan ge\u00e7mek zorundad\u0131r. Ama\u00e7, yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n tahsilat\u0131 imkans\u0131z k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 veya g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilebilece\u011fini varsaymadan iddia ile birlikte tahsilat rotas\u0131n\u0131 planlamakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t                        <div class=\"accordion\">\n                            <div class=\"accordion__head\">Dava a\u00e7mak i\u00e7in ne kadar s\u00fcrem var?<\/div>\n                            <div class=\"accordion__body\">\n                                <div class=\"accordion__inner\"><p>Belarus&#8217;ta genel zaman a\u015f\u0131m\u0131 s\u00fcresi \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131ld\u0131r. Haklar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n ihlal edildi\u011fini \u00f6\u011frendi\u011finiz veya \u00f6\u011frenmeniz gerekti\u011fi g\u00fcn ba\u015flar. Baz\u0131 iddia t\u00fcrlerinin kendi zaman a\u015f\u0131m\u0131 s\u00fcreleri vard\u0131r ve bunlar daha k\u0131sa olabilir. S\u0131n\u0131r \u00f6tesi anla\u015fmazl\u0131klarda \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l alacakl\u0131lar\u0131n bekledi\u011finden daha \u00e7abuk ge\u00e7er, bu nedenle erken a\u015famada kesin son tarihi belirlemek de\u011ferlidir. S\u00fcre sona ererse daval\u0131 mahkemeden bunu uygulamas\u0131n\u0131 isteyebilir ve iyi temellendirilmi\u015f bir iddia bile reddedilebilir.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t                        <div class=\"accordion\">\n                            <div class=\"accordion__head\">S\u00f6zle\u015fmem hangi forumu belirtmeli?<\/div>\n                            <div class=\"accordion__body\">\n                                <div class=\"accordion__inner\"><p>Bu sorunun cevab\u0131, kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n kim oldu\u011funa ve ilam\u0131 fiilen nerede icra etmeniz gerekece\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Belarus Ekonomi Mahkemeleri davalar\u0131 h\u0131zla sonu\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131r ve kararlar\u0131 Belarus&#8217;ta herhangi bir tan\u0131ma-tenfiz prosed\u00fcr\u00fcne gerek kalmaks\u0131z\u0131n do\u011frudan icra edilebilir. BelCCI nezdindeki Uluslararas\u0131 Tahkim Mahkemesi (IAC) daha tarafs\u0131z bir yarg\u0131lama ve gizlilik sunar; kararlar\u0131 da Belarus&#8217;ta sorunsuz \u015fekilde tenfiz edilir. Tahkim yeri yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda olan bir tahkim ise azami tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k sa\u011flar. Ancak uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yapt\u0131r\u0131mlarla en ufak bir ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 bulunuyorsa, bu se\u00e7enek 280-Z Say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun kapsam\u0131ndaki m\u00fcnhas\u0131r yetki engeline tak\u0131lma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 en y\u00fcksek olan yoldur. En isabetli tercih, \u015firketinizin al\u0131\u015f\u0131lagelmi\u015f standart klozlar\u0131 yerine paran\u0131n fiilen nerede tahsil edilece\u011fiyle \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fen se\u00e7enektir.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t                        <div class=\"accordion\">\n                            <div class=\"accordion__head\">Belarus&#8217;ta dava a\u00e7man\u0131n maliyeti nedir?<\/div>\n                            <div class=\"accordion__body\">\n                                <div class=\"accordion__inner\"><p>Ekonomi Mahkemesinde dava a\u00e7mak, dava de\u011feri \u00fczerinden hesaplanan, pe\u015fin \u00f6denen ve davay\u0131 kazan\u0131rsan\u0131z kaybeden taraftan tahsil edilen bir yarg\u0131 harc\u0131 gerektirir. Makul yarg\u0131lama giderleri ve vekalet \u00fccreti de b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde geri al\u0131nabilir. Belirleyici de\u011fi\u015fkenler karara kadar ge\u00e7en s\u00fcre, olas\u0131 temyiz s\u00fcre\u00e7leri ve icra takibidir \u2014 bunlar\u0131n tamam\u0131 s\u00fcrece ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i tahsilat ihtimaliyle tart\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t                        <div class=\"accordion\">\n                            <div class=\"accordion__head\">Karardan \u00f6nce \u015firketin varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 dondurabilir miyim?<\/div>\n                            <div class=\"accordion__body\">\n                                <div class=\"accordion__inner\"><p>Evet \u2014 ilam icra edilmeden \u00f6nce malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 veya rehin\/hacizle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc k\u0131l\u0131nmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde somut bir risk varsa, malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n dondurulmas\u0131 dahil ihtiyati tedbir talep edilebilir. Devlete ba\u011fl\u0131 kurulu\u015flarda bu risk asla yaln\u0131zca teorik de\u011fildir; ihtiyati tedbir talebinin sonradan de\u011fil, dava dilek\u00e7esiyle birlikte erkenden haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 en etkili sonucu verir.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t                        <div class=\"accordion\">\n                            <div class=\"accordion__head\">\u015eirket iflas ederse veya tasfiye ediliyorsa ne olur?<\/div>\n                            <div class=\"accordion__body\">\n                                <div class=\"accordion__inner\"><p>Bu durumda talep iflas yarg\u0131lamas\u0131na intikal eder: Genel icra takibi yerine, iflas veya tasfiye masas\u0131na alacak kayd\u0131 yapt\u0131rarak alaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 kan\u0131tlar ve yasal alacakl\u0131lar s\u0131ras\u0131na g\u00f6re pay al\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131z. Bu a\u015famada tahsilat, iflas masas\u0131n\u0131n aktif b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ve s\u0131ra cetvelindeki derecenize ba\u011fl\u0131 hale gelir \u2014 bu da bir hukuki m\u00fccadeleye giri\u015fmeden sonra de\u011fil, mutlaka \u00f6ncesinde de\u011ferlendirilmesi gereken kritik bir husustur.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t        <script>\n\t\t\tdocument.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){\n\t\t\t\tdocument.querySelector( 'body' ).addEventListener( 'click', function ( e ) {\n\t\t\t\t\tif ( e.target.classList.contains( 'accordion__head' ) ) {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tlet root = e.target.closest( '.accordion' );\n\t\t\t\t\t\tlet body = e.target.nextElementSibling;\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\tif ( body.style.maxHeight ) {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tbody.style.maxHeight = null;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\troot.classList.remove( 'accordion--expanded' );\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t\telse {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tbody.style.maxHeight = body.scrollHeight + 'px';\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\troot.classList.add( 'accordion--expanded' );\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t} );\n\t\t\t});\n        <\/script>\n\t\t    <\/section>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pratikte_Ne_Yapilmali_Genel_Degerlendirme\"><\/span><strong>Pratikte Ne Yap\u0131lmal\u0131? Genel De\u011ferlendirme<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Belarus devlete ait bir \u015firketle uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k do\u011fdu\u011funda konu genellikle dokunulmazl\u0131kla a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r. Bu endi\u015fe anla\u015f\u0131labilir olsa da, davalar\u0131n kazan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya kaybedildi\u011fi yer nadiren buras\u0131d\u0131r. Devlete ait bir i\u015fletme mahkemede normal \u015fartlarda di\u011fer ticari taraflar gibi yer al\u0131r ve \u00e7o\u011fu davada dokunulmazl\u0131k savunmas\u0131 sonu\u00e7suz kal\u0131r. As\u0131l dikkat edilmesi gereken iki temel soru bulunmaktad\u0131r: 280-Z Say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun yarg\u0131 yetkisi kurallar\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015ftan yazm\u0131\u015fken uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k fiilen nerede g\u00f6r\u00fclecek? Ve elinizde bir mahkeme ilam\u0131 ya da hakem karar\u0131 oldu\u011funda bunu fiilen nas\u0131l tahsilata d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcreceksiniz? Bu sorular\u0131 erkenden cevaplamak, alacakl\u0131ya kuru bir teselliden \u00e7ok daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 sunar: S\u00f6zle\u015fmeye hangi h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin yaz\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini, dava a\u00e7\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce nelerin denetlenmesi gerekti\u011fini ve ciddi masraflar yapmadan \u00f6nce nelerin teyit edilmesi gerekti\u011fini somutla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Devlete dava a\u00e7maya ili\u015fkin soyut endi\u015feler, ad\u0131m ad\u0131m y\u00f6netilebilecek somut bir eylem plan\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130deal olarak hen\u00fcz s\u00f6zle\u015fme a\u015famas\u0131ndayken bu iki konuyu do\u011fru kurgularsan\u0131z, devlete ait bir muhataba kar\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lacak dava bilinmezli\u011fe do\u011fru bir kumar olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar, y\u00f6netilebilir ticari bir s\u00fcrece d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. AMBY Legal&#8217;in <a href=\"https:\/\/ambylegal.by\/tr\/services\/litigation-and-dispute-resolution-in-belarus\/\">dava takibi ve uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc ekibi<\/a>, s\u00f6zle\u015fme klozunun haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131ndan nihai tahsilata kadar t\u00fcm bu s\u00fcre\u00e7leri y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcr: Yarg\u0131 yetkisini analiz eder, ilam veya hakem karar\u0131n\u0131 alarak icra\/tenfiz i\u015flemlerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirir ve hukuki bir s\u00fcrece ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce alaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n ger\u00e7ekte ne kadar\u0131n\u0131n tahsil edilebilece\u011fine dair net ve a\u00e7\u0131k bir de\u011ferlendirme sunar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Belarus devletine ait bir \u015firketle yap\u0131lan bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme ters gitti\u011finde, yabanc\u0131 alacakl\u0131lar\u0131n sordu\u011fu ilk soru genellikle devlet dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131ndad\u0131r. \u015eirketi ger\u00e7ekten mahkemeye verebilir misiniz? H\u00fck\u00fcmetin dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n arkas\u0131na saklan\u0131p sizi de\u011fersiz bir taleple ba\u015f ba\u015fa m\u0131 b\u0131rakacak? Endi\u015fe do\u011fald\u0131r, ancak \u00e7o\u011fu durumda yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Belarus devlete ait te\u015febb\u00fcsleri, vakalar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funda s\u0131radan bir ticari daval\u0131 konumundad\u0131r. Kendi [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":54663,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3828],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-59905","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>2026&#039;da Belarus Devlet \u015eirketine Dava A\u00e7mak - Amby Legal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"2026&#039;da Belarus devlet \u015firketine dava a\u00e7abilir misiniz? 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